The Polish competition authority, UOKiK, has conducted a comprehensive study on the characteristics and competitive dynamics of the passenger rail transport sector in Poland. The report indicates that the market is largely dominated by a few key players, with over 90% of services provided under public contracts.

In 2023, more than 373 million passengers traveled by train in Poland, with a significant majority relying on public service contracts. Despite the existence of sixteen companies offering passenger services, genuine competition remains scarce, particularly in regional markets where local operators often hold monopolistic positions.

UOKiK's President, Tomasz Chróstny, emphasized the need to understand why competition is lacking despite the presence of multiple entities. The study examined procurement processes and the granting of open access, identifying barriers that hinder the growth of rail operators' offerings.

The report also highlights that the three largest operators—POLREGIO, PKP Intercity, and Koleje Mazowieckie—account for approximately 80% of the total transport work. Key challenges identified include a shortage of modern trains, unclear procedures, and limited motivation for local companies to expand beyond their regions.

To enhance competition, UOKiK recommends simplifying access procedures, establishing measurable criteria for open access applications, and ensuring timely administrative processes. The report draws comparisons with other EU countries, suggesting that adopting similar practices could lead to increased service offerings and lower ticket prices in Poland.